Honey That Has Outlasted Empires

When archaeologists opened the tomb of the Egyptian king Tutankhamun in the early nineteen twenties, they uncovered jewellery, statues, and rows of sealed clay pots. Several of those pots held honey, and although three thousand years had passed since anyone had touched it, the honey inside was still perfectly good. It could, quite literally, have been eaten on the spot.

This is far from a one off curiosity. Honey is one of the very few natural foods that essentially never spoils. Even older jars have turned up elsewhere: in Georgia, archaeologists recovered honey buried alongside a noblewoman roughly five thousand five hundred years ago, and it, too, was still sweet and edible.

The explanation lies in chemistry rather than magic. Bacteria cannot grow without water, and honey contains almost none. Bees begin with nectar, which starts out roughly eighty percent water, and fan it with their wings inside the hive until it has reduced to around seventeen percent, leaving a liquid so thick and dense that almost nothing can survive inside it.

Honey is also mildly acidic, with a pH of around four, a level most bacteria find thoroughly inhospitable. On top of that, bees add a trace of an enzyme that slowly generates hydrogen peroxide, the very disinfectant sold in any pharmacy.

Taken together, these three defences, almost no water, a low pH, and a constant faint trace of peroxide, mean that honey, once sealed and kept dry, can sit undisturbed on a shelf, in a cave, or in a royal tomb for what amounts to forever.

So if your own honey ever turns cloudy and crystallises in the jar, resist the urge to throw it away. Warm it gently in a bowl of hot water and the crystals will dissolve back into syrup. The honey was never spoiled to begin with. Honey, it turns out, is almost never actually bad.